Highly dense nano-carbon foam with controlled porosity synthesized from hollow carbon nanoparticles

ABSTRACT

Hot pressing hollow carbon nanoparticles results in a nano-carbon foam that can be used for energy storage, carbon dioxide capture or water desalination.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/790,513, filed Jul. 2, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/020,531, filed on Jul. 3, 2014, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Energy storage, such as in supercapacitors, is important in order to improve energy efficiency. Additionally, carbon dioxide capture is becoming important in order to reduce the quantity of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Nano-carbon foams can be used as electrodes in supercapacitors, and they can also be used to capture carbon dioxide. However, existing methods of preparing nano-carbon foam are not suitable for large scale industrial production. For example, chemical solution-based methods often require a significant number of pre- and post-processing steps, and they result in the generation of chemical waste. Therefore, improved methods of making nano-carbon foams are desirable, particularly methods that are suitable for industrial scale production.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Described herein is a method of making a nano-carbon foam and the nano-carbon foam made thereby. The method can include hot pressing hollow carbon nanoparticles at a pressure between about 10 MPa and about 120 MPa at a temperature between about 500° C. and about 2100° C. for a duration between about 5 minutes and about 60 minutes, thereby forming nano-carbon foam. In some instances, the pressure is about 40 MPa. The method can further include activating the nano-carbon foam with CO₂. In some instances, the nano-carbon foam has a volumetric surface area between about 125 m² cc⁻¹ and 578 m² cc⁻¹. In some instances, the nano-carbon foam has a total pore volume between about 0.23 cc g⁻¹ and about 1.35 cc g⁻¹. In some instances, the nano-carbon foam has a micropore volume between about 0.002 cc g⁻¹ and 0.19 cc g⁻¹. In some instances, the nano-carbon foam has a mesopore volume between about 0.23 cc g⁻¹ and 1.22 cc g⁻¹. In some instances, the nano-carbon foam has a density between about 0.361 g cc⁻¹ and 0.95 g cc⁻¹. In some instances, the hollow carbon nanoparticles have a void fraction of at least, or in some cases about, 80%. In some instances, the hollow carbon nanoparticles have a surface area of at least, or in some cases about, 1400 m²/g. In some instances, the nano-carbon foam has conductivity of at least 10² S cm⁻¹.

The hot pressing method for forming a nano-carbon foam provides many benefits compared to other methods of forming a nano-carbon foam. In particular, the methods can be used to control the porosity of the resultant nano-carbon foam. The nano-carbon foam can be a self-standing three dimensional structure that can be directly used in many different applications. For example, the nano-carbon foam can be used as an electrode for supercapacitors without requiring conductive additives and binders. Reducing or eliminating conductive additives and binders in an electrode is desirable because the binders and conductive additives reduce the amount of total energy storage per unit mass and per unit volume and hinder performance severely.

Additionally, the methods described are far simpler and require fewer pre- and post-processing steps, and in some instances no pre- or post-processing steps are required. In contrast, chemical processes for making nano-carbon foam typically require filtration (e.g., from reduced graphene oxide), or chemical treatments followed by annealing (e.g., from polymers). These steps are time-consuming and costly, and therefore chemical process methods are not suitable for commercial-scale production of nano-carbon foams. Consequently, the hot pressing method described herein can provide nano-carbon foam having a higher degree of chemical purity, which likely contributes to improved stability, particularly compared to chemical process-based approaches, in part because chemical reagents and surfactants are not required.

The methods described herein can be used to make nano-carbon foams having both micropores and mesopores, which have different pore diameters and are preferred for different applications or purpose (e.g., in supercapacitors, maximizing energy density and maximizing power density are two different purpose within the same application). A greater percentage of micropores is preferred for energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors) because it maximizes energy density. A greater percentage of mesopores is preferred for higher power density because it permits faster charging and discharging. A suitable combination of micropores and mesopores is crucial in order to optimize both energy and power density of a supercapacitor. An important benefit of the hot pressing method is that it provides excellent control over relative amounts of micropores and mesopores simply by controlling the temperature and pressure at which the hot pressing is performed. Controlling pore structure is far more difficult with chemical solution processes.

Many different types of carbon materials are known in the art, such as amorphous carbons from different raw materials (e.g., coke, soot, char, coal or resin-based carbon, carbide-driven carbon, etc.), carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphite flakes, exfoliated graphite nano particles etc. Among all these, hot pressing hollow carbon nanoparticles results in a unique nano-carbon foam. The hollow carbon nanoparticles have excellent mechanical strength, which helps to prevent structural collapse/stacking of the carbon nanoparticles during pressing, thereby successfully preserving the porosity of the resultant nano-carbon foam.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a hot pressing apparatus.

FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of the morphological changes that occur when hot pressing hollow carbon nanoparticles to form nano-carbon foam.

FIG. 2B is a schematic illustration of a highly dense nano-carbon foam formed by hot pressing hollow carbon nano-particles.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are graphs of pore size distribution of the nano-carbon foam samples, as prepared from hot pressing, and CO₂ activated samples. The samples were analyzed in Quantachrome QUADRASORB evo™ surface area analysis system.

FIG. 4 is a typical cyclic voltammetry (CV) characterization of supercapacitor electrodes in coin cell configuration. The samples were analyzed in a Potentiostat-galvanostat instrument (BioLogic Model No. VSP-300).

FIG. 5 is cyclic voltammetry (CV) characterization of supercapacitor electrodes in coin cell configuration at different scan rates.

FIG. 6 is Phase (degree) vs frequency (Hz) plot from impedance spectroscopy of three different samples, carried out in coin-cell configuration, in EMIMBF₄ electrolyte. The samples were analyzed in Potentiostat-galvanostat instrument, the model is BioLogic VSP-300

FIG. 7 is CO₂ uptake (mmol g⁻¹) per unit gram of the sample with respect to adsorption pressure (bar). The samples were analyzed in Quantachrome, iSorbHP1, high pressure gas adsorption system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A description of example embodiments of the invention follows.

Hot pressing refers to the application of an elevated pressure and temperature. As used herein, hollow carbon nanoparticles can be hot pressed in order to cause it to adopt an ordered structure. FIG. 1 is an illustration of an apparatus for hot pressing. The apparatus has a lower surface 100 and an upper surface 110. Either the lower surface 100 or the upper surface 110 is adapted to exert mechanical pressure toward the other. Affixed to the lower surface 100 is an optional metal structure 130, which can reduce undesirable contamination or reaction. In some instances, the lower surface 100 and optional metal structure 130 can be the same. As illustrated, hollow carbon nanoparticles 120 are disposed between the upper surface 110 and metal substrate 130, or between the upper surface 110 and the lower surface 100.

Typically, the pressure is applied along a single axis, which is perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. The applied mechanical pressure between the lower surface 100 and the upper surface 110 can range from about 10 MPa to about 120 MPa. In some instances, the pressure applied is about 40 MPa. Typically, the minimum acceptable pressure is approximately 5 MPa and the maximum acceptable pressure is approximately 1 GPa when hot pressing porous carbon nanoparticles. While the hollow carbon nanoparticles are being mechanically pressed, the heat is raised to an elevated temperature.

Hot pressing of these samples can be conducted at a temperature range of 500° C. to 2,100° C.; in some instances, hot pressing can be conducted at a temperature range of 500° C. to 600° C., which is typically more suitable for maximizing gravimetric surface area and micropore volume; in other instances, hot pressing can be conducted at a temperature range of 750° C. to 1200° C., which provides a balance of surface area, pore volume (mesopore and micropore), and density; in other instances, hot pressing can be conducted at a temperature range of 1300° C. to 2100° C., which is typically more suitable for maximizing density. Even higher temperatures are permissible, and the maximum temperature depends on the melting point of the hollow carbon nanoparticles (e.g., Ketjenblack). Typically, the minimum acceptable temperature is approximately 27° C. and the maximum acceptable temperature is approximately 2400° C.

The hot pressing process is conducted under an inert atmosphere (e.g., He, Ar or N₂). Typically, the hollow carbon nanoparticles are hot pressed for about 5 to 60 minutes. In some instances, the hollow carbon nanoparticles are hot pressed for about 5 minutes; in other instances, the hollow carbon nanoparticles are hot pressed for about 60 minutes. Even higher dwelling time (hot-pressing time) is permissible. Typically, the minimum acceptable time is approximately 5 minutes.

FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of the morphological changes that occur when hot pressing hollow carbon nanoparticles to form nano-carbon foam. As the hollow carbon nanoparticles are pressed at an elevated temperature, they form a densified, interconnected 3D continuous foam. FIG. 2B is a schematic illustration of a highly dense nano-carbon foam formed by hot pressing hollow carbon nano-particles according to the methods described herein. For example the hollow carbon nano-particles that are hot pressed can have about 80% void volume and a radius of about 34 nm prior to the hot pressing procedure. The resulting foam is highly porous with high surface area and hierarchical porous structure, as illustrated in FIG. 2B. The porous structure is hierarchical because there are pores of varying size and there is a hierarchy in the way they are connected to each other: the biggest macropores are connected to smaller mesopores, which are again connected to smallest micropores, as illustrated in FIG. 2B. Additionally, the hot pressed densely packed arrangement of nano-spheres has a high material density. Both chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene foams grown using Ni foam (as a sacrificial substrate) and substrate-free type of graphene foam synthesized through the gelation method (for making aerogels) have very low densities even after 80% compression along a single axis. Those densities are 0.015 g cc⁻¹ and 0.075 g cc⁻¹, respectively, with corresponding conductivities of about 0.1 S m⁻¹ and 10 S m⁻¹, respectively. In contrast, nano-carbon foam produced according to the methods described herein is highly dense, with a density ranging from about 0.5 g cc⁻¹ to about 0.95 g cc⁻¹, and with high conductivity of at least about 10² S m⁻¹. Further, the nano-carbon foam produced by the methods herein is a self-standing structure that is free of any form of impurity (e.g., there are no chemical reagents, binders, or conductive additives), which maximize gravimetric surface area and contributes to the unique porous material.

As used herein, the term “hollow carbon nanoparticles” refers to amorphous carbon shells. Typically, amorphous carbon shells, having a radius ranging from about 5 nm to about 50 nm, are suitable for forming nano-carbon foams with high porosity. In some instances, the hollow carbon nanoparticles can have a radius of about 34 nm. Typically, hollow carbon nanoparticles have a void fraction of about 80% and surface area of about 1400 m²/g. Hollow carbon nanoparticles are unique in terms of their structure and shape compared to other forms of amorphous carbons. For examples, the amorphous carbon source described in WO 2015/072926 is supplied by Asbury Carbons, Inc. (product code 5345R) has a particle size of about 30 nm to about 35 nm and is solid (not hollow) nanoparticles with a surface area of about 36 m²/g. In contrast, hollow carbon nanoparticles, of which Ketjenblack EC600-JD (AkzoNobel N.V.) is one particular product, have a hollow nanospherical structure with a radius of about 34 nm (particle size about 70 nm), a void fraction of 80%, and surface area of about 1400 m²/g. In general, solid carbon nanoparticles are not suitable for synthesizing a nano-carbon foam.

As used herein, the term “nano-carbon foam” refers to a material formed by hot-pressing carbon nanoparticles. The nanocarbon foam has micropores, mesopores, and optionally macropores.

It should be understood that numerical values parameters described herein are approximate. The term “about” typically refers to values that are within 10% of the stated amount.

EXEMPLIFICATION

A first experiment was performed to assess how the hot pressing temperature affects the density, gravimetric surface area, and volumetric surface area of the resulting nano-carbon foam. Ketjenblack hollow carbon nanoparticles (Product No. EC600-JD, AkzoNobel N.V.) were hot pressed at the temperatures, pressures, and times listed in Table 1. Hot pressing was performed for 5 minutes or 60 minutes, depending upon the desired properties of the obtained nano-carbon foam, e.g., to maximize the gravimetric surface area, optimize volumetric surface area, or maximize density. The Ketjenblack nanoparticles have an average radius of about 34 nm.

TABLE 1 Morphological characterization summary: Density, Gravimetric and volumetric surface area Dwelling Gravimetric Volumetric Temperature Pressure Time Density Surface Area Surface Area (° C.) (MPa) (minutes) (g cc⁻¹) (m² g⁻¹) (m² cc⁻¹) 500 40 5 ~0.5 1139 569 600 40 5 ~0.5 1156 578 800 40 5 ~0.5 1127 563 1300 40 60 ~0.55 701 350 1700 40 60 ~0.6 330 198 2100 40 60 ~0.95 139 125

As the temperature is increased, the gravimetric surface area decreased and the density increased. Optimization of gravimetric surface area and density permits the optimization of volumetric surface area. The optimal volumetric surface area for various applications differs depending upon the end use of the resulting nanocarbon foam. Hot pressing at about 500° C. to about 800° C. provides volumetric surface area suitable for supercapacitor application and water desalination. Hot pressing at about 600° C. provides volumetric surface area suitable for carbon capture. Hot pressing at about 2100° C. provides volumetric surface area suitable for batteries.

A second experiment was performed to assess how the hot pressing temperature affects the total pore volume, micropore volume, and mesopore volume of the resulting nano-carbon foam. Ketjenblack hollow carbon nanoparticles were hot pressed at the temperatures, pressures, and times listed in Table 2. Using a Quantachrome QUADRASORB evo™, the N₂ gas adsorption-desorption isotherm curves at −196° C. were obtained and Quenched Solid Density Functional Theory (QSDFT) statistical analysis model was applied to obtain gravimetric surface area, pore size distribution, total pore volume, micropore volume and mesopore volume. The volumetric surface area is obtained from direct multiplication of the gravimetric surface area and density. The density value is obtained as apparent density from the weight of the sample divided by the geometric calculation of the volume of the bulk sample, which is of circular disc shape, as obtained from the hot pressing process due to the circular cross-sectional shape of the mold used. Micropores are those pores having a diameter of less than 2 nm. Mesopores are those pores having a diameter of 2-50 nm.

TABLE 2 Control over nature or porosity: Total pore volume, micropore volume and mesopore volume Total Dwelling pore Micropore % of Mesopore % of Temperature Pressure Time volume volume micropore volume mesopore (° C.) (MPa) (minutes) (cc g⁻¹) (cc g⁻¹) volume (cc g⁻¹) volume 600 40 5 1.35 0.19 14.44 1.15 85.55 800 40 5 1.39 0.18 12.73 1.22 87.27 1300 40 60 1.11 0.06 5.71 1.05 94.28 1700 40 60 0.58 0.04 3.68 0.55 95.49 2100 40 60 0.23 0.002 0.82 0.23 98.29

As the temperature is increased, we notice a decrease in percentage of micropore volume and an increase in the percentage of mesopore volume. The optimal percentage of micropore and mesopore volume for various applications would lie at various ranges. Hot pressing at about 500° C. to about 800° C. provides optimal percentage of micropore and mesopore volume suitable for supercapacitor application and water desalination. Hot pressing at about 600° C. provides optimal percentage of micropore and mesopore volume suitable for carbon capture.

A third experiment was performed to assess how the applied pressure affects the density of the resulting nano-carbon foam. Ketjenblack hollow carbon nanoparticles were hot pressed at the temperatures, pressures, and times listed in Table 3. Hot pressing duration was selected depending upon the desired properties of the resultant nano-carbon foam, e.g., to maximize the gravimetric surface area, optimize volumetric surface area, or maximize density. The density value is obtained as apparent density from the weight of the sample divided by the geometric calculation of the volume of the bulk sample, which is of circular disc shape, as obtained from the hot pressing process due to the circular cross-sectional shape of the mold used.

TABLE 3 Density control by pressure Temperature Pressure Dwelling Time Density (° C.) (MPa) (minutes) (g cc⁻¹) 800 10 5 0.36 800 40 5 0.49 800 80 30 0.64 800 120 60 0.8

As the pressure increased, the density of the nano-carbon foam increased. Hot pressing at about 40 MPa to about 80 MPa provides optimal density for supercapacitor application, water desalination, and carbon capture.

A fourth experiment was performed to assess how CO₂ activation of the nano-carbon foam affects the surface area of the nano-carbon foam. Ketjenblack hollow carbon nanoparticles were hot pressed at the temperatures, pressures, and times listed in Table 4. The resulting nano-carbon foam was activated by flowing CO₂ gas with N₂ carrier gas into an annealing furnace at the temperatures and pressures in Table 4. FIG. 3A shows the pore size distribution plot for samples activated at 950° C. and FIG. 3B shows the pore size distribution plot for samples activated at 1000° C.

TABLE 4 Morphological characterization summary of CO₂ activated sample Dwelling Temperature Pressure Time Activation Surface area (° C.) (MPa) (minutes) condition (m²/g) 500 40 5 No 1139 500 40 5 CO₂ activation, 1212 @950° C., 2 hrs 500 40 5 CO₂ activation, 1443 @950° C., 3 hrs 500 40 5 CO₂ activation, 1449 @1000° C., 2 hrs 500 40 5 CO₂ activation, 1678 @1000° C., 3 hr 500 40 5 CO₂ activation, 2250 @1000° C., 5 hr

As the activation temperature is increased, the surface area of the nano-carbon foam increased. Activation at about 1000° C. for about 5 hours provides high surface area, which is more suitable for carbon capture.

A fifth experiment was performed to assess supercapacitor performance. FIG. 4 is a cyclic voltammetry (CV) characterization of supercapacitor electrodes in coin cell configuration at 5 mVs⁻¹ scan rate. A total of 251 Fg⁻¹ capacitance was obtained using ionic liquid electrolyte (EMIMBF₄) at a potential window of 4V. This resulted in very high energy density and power density as listed in the table below. FIG. 5 is CV performances at different scan rates. FIG. 6 compares the rate capability (the characteristic time constants (

)) of samples, hot pressed at different temperatures. A smaller characteristic time constant refers to an increased rate capability. Increasing temperature increases relative percentage of mesopores in the samples (Table 2), and mesopores increases rate capability (i.e. reduces

). The results are summarized in Table 6. This illustrates how changing hot pressing parameters can control supercapacitor performance through controlling nature of porosity.

TABLE 5 Supercapacitor performance Gravimetric Gravimetric Volumetric Vol. Max Potential Energy Max. Power Energy Power Capacitance window density density density density Sample (F/g) (V) (Wh/Kg) (W/kg) (Wh/L) (W/L) 500° C. 251 4 138.45 1.98 × 10⁶ 111.2 1.41 × 10⁶ 40 MPa 5 mins

TABLE 6 Rate capability controlled by nature of porosity % of % of Characteristic Characteristic micropore mesopore frequency time constant 

Sample volume volume (Hz) (s) 500° C. 14.44 85.55 0.03 33.33 40 MPa 5 mins 1300° C. 5.71 94.28 0.11 9.1 40 MPa 60 mins 1700° C. 3.68 95.49 0.31 3.2 40 MPa 60 mins

A sixth experiment was performed to assess CO₂ capture and storage using three of the samples from the fourth experiment. Using the Quantachrome iSorb HP1, a CO₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm curve at 25° C. was obtained which provides directly the amount of CO₂ adsorbed per gram of the nano-carbon foam. FIG. 7 describes CO₂ uptake (mmol/g) per unit gram of the sample with respect to adsorption pressure (bar).

TABLE 7 Carbon capture and storage performance CO₂ storage per unit amount Surface area (m²/g) of absorbents (mmol/g) 1139 15.5 @ 50 bar 1449 21.5 @ 50 bar 1678 22.5 @ 50 bar

The teachings of all patents, published applications and references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A nano-carbon foam prepared by a process comprising: hot pressing hollow carbon nanoparticles: i) at a pressure between about 10 MPa and about 120 MPa; ii) at a temperature between about 500° C. and about 2100° C.; and iii) for a duration between about 5 minutes and about 60 minutes, to form a nano-carbon foam.
 2. The nano-carbon foam of claim 1, wherein the hot pressing pressure is about 40 MPa.
 3. The nano-carbon foam of claim 1, wherein the nano-carbon foam is prepared by a process that further comprises activating the nano-carbon foam with CO₂.
 4. The nano-carbon foam of claim 1, wherein the nano-carbon foam has a volumetric surface area between about 125 m² cc⁻¹ and 578 m² cc⁻¹.
 5. The nano-carbon foam of claim 1, wherein the nano-carbon foam has a total pore volume between about 0.23 cc g⁻¹ and 1.35 cc g⁻¹.
 6. The nano-carbon foam of claim 1, wherein the nano-carbon foam has a micropore volume between about 0.002 cc g⁻¹ and 0.19 cc g⁻¹.
 7. The nano-carbon foam of claim 1, wherein the nano-carbon foam has a mesopore volume between about 0.23 cc g⁻¹ and 1.22 cc g⁻¹.
 8. The nano-carbon foam of claim 1, wherein the nano-carbon foam a density between about 0.361 g cc⁻¹ and 0.95 g cc⁻¹.
 9. The nano-carbon foam of claim 1, wherein the hollow carbon nanoparticles have a void fraction of at least 80%.
 10. The nano-carbon foam of claim 1, wherein the hollow carbon nanoparticles have a surface area of at least 1400 m²/g. 